’WPC’ Ä<Ššó˜Ž)jŌcž\sł^®ZvŽŽAK)Ņń¢æŚ‹Ŗ ó\{ö„IÆ#é©aƒ¤T涫A #Ē';’lļņ¹#„±®WŠ·ÕØ,oŽåć<;r€M÷TČ Ģó>tĶ`@ž-=,K6õQ\ M¢Ż…ŅZXöu`ķł6+­ĻZŹĮ*s Ō ½›üJ‡«ėOŁąõ Ä4O(Ē6/ŅÅ( KŒ©Ās©šDH2¼{ó$>53@& ZŗXkȁĒįTėlCĶfzT=XTÖi āģ ¤‚:RjčĀ¤¦‡[)žUv“rŠv¾ ķ2:ĮŅ-=Ū0(&±sśō.[5«6’1„čģōøgˆ: C1ØF”M4‹ g“ķ.Ċį% BZ –“4óŗ£ćPD)×s8¢$jƒ¼r{ĆT–Üķó“ėœt†¦CkóQ/äĖĒ#J¤ĆE‚JĒj$ŽdÆ:›: ZÆm4fś£dLīrµ0³­§ =gÉ0œ(ø’C×­FĪ‰3L Jīy)¤Ė “Įż¼ļĪ6w€Œ±“¾!²Œaļ ļ źfćüG‘ö*­:”åöµŚt|Æ'ŽܤňqŸ¬NĶĢ_™d±KŒ+ācū«pUN€ %Ī 0(Ō4üUHU:X3|xK(ÖĆ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($””CXQ+†k‰   ‹0Times New Roman Bold,żŁ   ‹"CG Times BoldŻ ƒ!ŻŻ  ŻŃX°ŃŃX°ŃŅX°ŅŌ€XńÉXXXŌÓ  ÓŌ‡ēŹēXXńÉŌBest€Witness:€JFK's€LimousineŠ X Š€€€€€€€Anthony€MarshĢ2nd€Annual€COPA€ConferenceĢ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Omni€Shoreham,€Washington,€DC€Ģ€€€€€€€€€€ńKń€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ńKńOctober€22,€1995€Ō#†XńÉXēēŹp#ŌŠ p ŠÓdÓÓ  ÓĢÓ  Ӏ€€€€The€best€witness€to€the€JFK€assassination€was€the€Presidential€limousine.ĢĢAs€other€researchers€have€pointed€out,€eyewitness€testimony€can€be€unreliable.ĢĢWitnesses€can€be€confused,€lie,€misremember€events,€can€be€susceptible€toĢŌ€X_XXXńÉŌĢsuggestion.€The€damage€to€the€limousine€tells€a€story€of€its€own,€an€accurateĢĢand€truthful€account€of€the€events€in€Dealey€Plaza.ĢĢ€€€€€One€of€the€most€important€points€of€damage€to€the€limousine€was€the€dentĢĢof€the€chrome€topping€above€the€windshield.€Was€it€caused€by€a€direct€hit€of€aĢĢbullet€or€a€bullet€fragment?€In€ņņSix€Seconds€in€Dallasóó,€footnote€16€of€chapter€5Š Ø ŠĢquotes€a€letter€from€Chief€of€the€Secret€Service€James€Rowley,€who€claimed€thatĢĢthe€dent€was€caused€way€back€on€November€1,€1961€by€routine€maintenance.€TheĢĢWarren€Report€was€ambiguous€about€the€dent.€It€appears€that€the€Warren€ĢĢCommission€did€not€attempt€to€examine€any€photographs€to€determine€if€the€ĢĢchrome€topping€was€undented€before€the€assassination.€There€may€have€beenĢĢseveral€photographs€they€could€have€examined€which€would€have€resolved€theĢĢissue.€There€were€many€photographs€and€films€taken€in€Dealey€Plaza€before€theĢĢshooting€started.€There€were€several€photos€and€films€taken€at€Love€Field€whichĢĢshowed€the€limousine€in€its€pristine€condition,€such€as€this€one€by€Tom€DillardĢĢņ ņ(Figure€1)ó ó.€Unfortunately,€the€hand€hold€bar€blocks€our€view€of€the€chromeŠ č*(( ŠĢtopping€in€this€Dillard€photo,€but€there€must€be€other€such€photos€which€doĢĢshow€it€clearly.€There€may€also€be€other€photographs€and€films€from€theĢŠ ¢/J-- Šmotorcade€which€have€not€yet€been€made€public.€Just€this€August,€LIFE€magazineĢĢpublished€one€photograph€taken€by€Presidential€aide€Dave€Powers,€who€isĢĢbelieved€to€have€taken€several€photos€and€a€film€of€the€motorcade€at€Love€FieldĢĢand€before€the€motorcade€reached€Dealey€Plaza€ņ ņ(Figure€2)ó ó.€Dave€Powers'€vantage€point€wasŠ ¬ ŠĢespecially€privileged,€as€he€rode€in€the€Secret€Service€follow-up€car,€whereĢĢthe€official€White€House€photographer€would€normally€ride,€but€didn't€that€day.Ģ€€€€€Ģ€€€€€Cecil€Stoughton,€the€official€White€House€photgrapher,€was€stuck€that€dayĢĢriding€several€cars€back,€in€one€of€the€camera€cars.€In€fact,€Stoughton€was€ĢĢnot€even€scheduled€to€go€on€the€Texas€trip,€but€had€to€fill€in€for€RobertĢĢKnudsen,€who€had€some€slivers€in€his€eye€which€needed€to€be€removed€€[1].€ĢĢSupposedly,€Stoughton€took€only€a€couple€of€photos€near€Dealey€Plaza,€one€justĢĢbefore€the€motorcade€reached€the€plaza,€and€one€of€the€grassy€knoll€about€30ĢĢseconds€after€he€shooting.€But,€he€did€take€photos€of€the€limousine€the€day€ĢĢbefore€when€the€President€visited€Kelly€Air€Force€base€in€San€Antonio.€We€can€ĢĢsee€in€this€photo€that€he€did€occupy€the€normal€position€in€the€Secret€ServiceĢĢfollow-up€car€ņ ņ(Figure€3)ó ó.€In€the€next€photo€we€can€see€that€the€chrome€toppingŠ “\ ŠĢwas€undented€ņ ņ(Figure€4)ó ó.€The€HSCA€was€seemingly€unaware€of,€or€ignored,€the€Š ˜ @  ŠĢStoughton€photos,€and€did€not€address€the€issue€of€the€dent€of€the€chrome€ĢĢtopping.€However,€HSCA€photographic€consultant€Robert€Groden€did€state€at€a€ĢĢconference€at€Emerson€College€a€few€years€ago€that€he€and€a€HSCA€staff€member€ĢĢhad€examined€the€chrome€topping€at€the€National€Archives€and€that€the€nose€of€ĢĢa€Mannlicher-Carcano€bullet€like€CE€399€fit€perfectly€into€the€indentation€inĢĢthe€chrome€topping.€And€here€is€a€photograph€taken€by€Robert€Knudsen€of€anĢĢearlier€motorcade€in€1963€which€shows€that€the€chrome€topping€was€undentedĢĢņ ņ(Figure€5)ó ó.Š ø/`-0 ŠĢ€€€€€Incidentally,€while€looking€through€hundreds€of€photos€at€the€JFK€Library,ĢĢI€found€some€which€show€the€condition€of€the€limousine€during€previous€Š ø/`-0 Š‡motorcades.€One€bizarre€theory€which€those€photos€disprove€is€the€notion€thatĢĢthe€rear€seat€was€raised€as€the€limousine€went€through€Dealey€Plaza€in€orderĢĢto€make€JFK€an€easier€target.€Those€non-researchers€who€have€proposed€thoseĢĢbizarre€theories€have€obviously€never€seen€what€the€limousine€looked€like€whenĢĢthe€rear€seat€was€actually€raised.€Here€is€one€example€from€another€motorcadeĢĢwhich€shows€the€rear€seat€raised€about€5€inches€ņ ņ(Figure€6)ó ó.€It€is€quite€obvious€Š Ģ t  ŠĢfrom€all€angles,€but€especially€from€the€rear.€Compare€that€to€another€ĢĢmotorcade€when€the€rear€seat€was€not€raised€ņ ņ(Figure€7)ó ó.€In€Mark€North's€book,Š ”<  ŠĢņņAct€of€Treasonóó,€is€an€even€more€dramatic€example€showing€former€Chief€of€theŠ x  ŠĢSecret€Service€Baughman€sitting€on€the€fully€raised€rear€seat€ņ ņ(Figure€8)ó ó.Š \ Š€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ģ€€€€€The€most€well-known€point€of€damage€to€the€limousine€was€the€crack€of€theĢĢwindshield.€We€can€see€in€the€Altgens€1-6€photo,€which€equals€approximatelyĢĢZapruder€frame€255,€that€the€windshield€is€undamaged,€yet€in€his€next€photo€weĢĢcan€see€that€the€windshield€is€cracked.€Frazier's€CE€350€shows€the€condition€of€ĢĢthe€windshield€taken€about€14€hours€after€the€assassination€ņ ņ(Figure€9)ó ó.Š Šx ŠĢContrary€to€the€opinion€of€a€couple€of€people,€there€was€no€hole€in€theĢĢwindshield,€only€a€crack.€As€we€can€see€in€this€blow-up€of€CE€350,€it€is€a€ĢĢcrack€ņ ņ(Figure€10)ó ó.€I€believe€CE€350€depicts€the€same€windshield€which€was€onŠ |"$ " ŠĢthe€limousine€during€the€assassination.€The€location€and€pattern€of€the€crack,ĢĢand€presence€of€blood€spatters€looks€consistent€from€Dealey€Plaza€to€CE€350.ĢĢ€€€€€Some€people€point€to€conflicting€testimony€about€the€roughness€of€theĢĢarea€of€the€crack€as€an€indication€that€there€was€a€windshield€switch€or€thatĢĢthe€windshield€was€struck€on€the€outside.€Secret€Service€agent€Roy€KellermanĢĢtestified€(2H89)€that€when€he€first€felt€the€windshield€a€few€days€after€the€ĢĢassassination,€the€inside€felt€rough€and€that€when€he€examined€it€on€the€day€€Š ø/`-0 Š‡of€his€testimony€that€it€felt€smooth.€I€believe€that€the€reason€for€theĢĢdifference€in€roughness€is€that€when€the€windshield€was€first€examined€on€ĢĢNovember€23,€1963€the€roughness€on€the€inside€was€due€to€the€presence€of€minuteĢĢbullet€fragments€(CE€841)€which€were€completely€removed€for€testing,€so€thatĢĢany€later€examination€would€feel€only€the€smooth€glass.ĢĢ€€€€€Some€might€also€argue€that€the€theory€of€how€glass€fractures€on€the€ĢĢopposite€side€of€the€point€of€impact€would€seem€to€indicate€that€the€shot€cameĢĢfrom€the€front€and€caused€a€fracture€on€the€inside.€Then,€supposedly,€theĢĢconspirators€realized€this€mistake€and€switched€windshields€so€that€the€ĢĢcorrected€windshield€would€exhibit€fractures€on€the€outside€to€indicate€that€ĢĢit€was€hit€from€the€inside.€But€there€are€a€couple€of€problems€with€the€theory.ĢĢThat€is€a€fine€theory€in€other€cases,€with€ordinary€plate€glass,€but€the€ĢĢwindshield€was€composed€of€laminated€automobile€glass,€which€consists€of€twoĢĢlayers€of€glass€with€a€layer€of€plastic€between€them.€Thus€it€is€quiote€commonĢĢthat€there€may€be€damage€to€the€inside€layer€of€the€glass€which€does€not€extendĢĢto€the€outside€layer€of€the€glass€and€vice€versa.€That€is€its€design€purpose.ĢĢI€also€doubt€that€anyone€had€the€opportunity€and€capability€to€switch€ĢĢwindshields€before€it€was€examined€and€photographed€by€Frazier,€and€certainlyĢĢtrying€to€resolve€conflicting€testimony€by€switching€windshields€would€requireĢĢseveral€switches.€ĢĢ€€€€€However,€there€does€seem€to€be€one€apparent€discrepancy€which€isĢĢdisturbing.€When€the€windshield€was€photographed€for€the€HSCA,€it€appears€thatĢĢthere€is€a€massive€stain€on€the€driver's€side€which€does€not€appear€in€CE€350ĢĢņ ņ(Figure€11)ó ó.€However,€it€is€possible€that€this€area€was€just€out€of€frame€on€Š Ō-|+. ŠĢthe€photo€of€CE€350.€Moreover,€it€is€not€clear€that€the€stain€seen€in€the€HSCAŠ ø/`-0 Š‡photo€has€to€be€blood.€I€suppose€that€it€could€have€been€some€other€liquidĢĢwhich€dripped€onto€the€windshield€while€it€was€in€storage€at€the€NationalĢĢArchives.€Maybe€someone€spilled€coffee€on€it.€You€would€think€that€in€this€ageĢĢof€sophisticated€blood€analysis€that€someone€could€determine€if€it€is€blood,ĢĢand€perhaps€whose.€We€might€also€need€Dr.€Henry€Lee€to€do€a€blood€spatterĢĢanalysis.€Many€of€the€blood€spots€are€consistent€with€either€JFK's€or€ĢĢConnally's€wounds,€but€sometimes€it€looks€to€me€as€though€the€massive€stain€ĢĢwas€caused€by€someone€pouring€liquid€from€a€cup.€It€might€also€tell€usĢĢsomething€important,€such€as€from€which€angles€the€splatter€could€have€come,€ĢĢor€which€angles€could€be€ruled€out€by€the€possibility€that€Greer's€head€would€ĢĢblock€such€a€path€from€a€particular€wound.ĢĢ€€€€€Is€there€any€other€damage€which€would€tell€us€from€which€direction€theĢĢwindshield€was€struck?€I€believe€I€am€the€first€person€to€point€out€somethingĢĢwhich€no€one€else€has€noticed€before.€If€you€look€carefully€at€CE€350,€you€canĢĢsee€that€the€back€of€the€rearview€mirror€was€dented€ń<ńņ ņń<ń(Figure€12)ń<ńó óń<ń.€This€could€onlyŠ Šx ŠĢhave€been€caused€by€a€bullet€ricocheting€off€the€inside€of€the€windshield,€thusĢĢproving€that€that€the€glass€was€struck€on€the€inside€by€a€shot€from€behind€the€ĢĢlimousine,€and€that€there€was€not€a€hole€in€the€glass.€If€a€bullet€had€goneĢĢthrough€the€windshield,€there€would€be€nothing€to€ricochet€back€and€strike€theĢĢback€of€the€rearview€mirror.€What€could€a€shot€from€behind€have€first€struckĢĢto€produce€a€bullet€fragment€which€would€hit€the€inside€of€the€windshield€andĢĢthen€ricochet€to€the€right€to€hit€the€back€of€the€rearview€mirror?€ĢĢ€€€€€I€think€the€bullet€which€caused€the€damage€to€the€windshield,€and€mostĢ€€€€€Ģlikely€also€the€chrome€topping,€was€the€last€shot€from€the€TSBD.€It's€highlyĢĢunlikely€that€this€shot€struck€JFK€after€Z-313.€He€had€already€been€struck€by€Š ø/`-0 Š‡a€shot€in€the€back€from€the€TSBD€at€about€Z-210.€Connally€had€already€been€€ĢĢstruck€in€the€back€by€a€shot€at€about€Z-230.€That€is€when€Connally€thought€heĢĢwas€hit.€But€he€did€not€remember€being€struck€in€the€wrist.€Not€only€was€theĢĢalinement€of€the€two€men€incorrect€for€a€Single-Bullet€Theory€trajectory€at€ĢĢeither€Z-190€or€Z-210,€Connally's€wrist€was€too€high€to€have€been€struck€by€aĢĢbullet€exiting€his€chest€just€below€his€right€nipple.€I€think€the€most€likelyĢĢscenario€is€that€the€last€shot€from€the€TSBD€hit€Connally's€wrist€after€Z-313,ĢĢeither€directly€or€indirectly,€then€broke€up€into€many€fragments€which€caused€ĢĢall€the€damage€to€the€limousine,€Tague's€cut,€and€the€fragments€in€Connally'sĢĢthigh.€I€would€suggest€that€a€much€more€detailed€examination€of€the€ĢĢphotographic€record€might€pinpoint€the€time€at€which€the€windshield,€chromeĢĢtopping€and€rearview€mirror€were€struck.€ĢĢ€€€€€We€can€determine€a€possible€time€for€that€last€shot€from€the€TSBD€fromĢĢthe€acoustical€evidence.€The€HSCA€acoustical€studies€give€us€the€approximateĢĢspacing€between€shots.€We€then€need€to€match€up€the€timing€with€the€ZapruderĢĢframes.€Contrary€to€the€theories€of€some€researchers€whose€last€names€beginĢĢwith€the€letter€"L,"€the€Zapruder€film€was€not€altered.€There€are€no€missingĢĢframes,€except€for€the€well-known€splice€of€one€LIFE€copy€at€frames€208€to€211.€ĢĢIt€seems€that€whenever€some€piece€of€physical€evidence€disproves€a€bizarreĢĢtheory,€the€first€thing€the€bizarre€theorist€does€is€claim€that€the€evidenceĢĢmust€be€fake.€It€is€time€that€all€serious€researchers€accept€the€fact€that€theĢĢphysical€evidence€is€genuine€and€authentic.€The€last€two€shots€were€separated€ĢĢby€about€.744€of€a€second,€or€about€13.6€Zapruder€frames.€So,€if€the€last€shotĢĢfrom€the€TSBD€was€after€Z-313,€we€would€expect€to€see€no€damage€before€Z-327ĢĢand€see€damage€within€a€few€frames€after€that.€I€would€suggest€that€those€whoŠ ø/`-0 Š‡claim€to€have€excellent€copies€of€the€photographic€evidence€concentrate€theirĢĢfocus€on€frames€Z-326€to€Z-330€in€looking€for€changes€in€the€condition€of€the€ĢĢlimousine.ĢĢ€€€€€During€last€year's€COPA€conference€I€visited€the€National€Archives€and€inĢĢparticular€reviewed€the€newly€released€photos€of€the€limousine.€In€the€same€ĢĢfolder€were€what€appeared€to€be€photocopies€of€the€original€worksheets€by€theĢĢagents€who€examined€the€limousine€on€November€23,€1963.€I'm€not€sure€who€wroteĢĢthe€sheets€and€exactly€when€they€were€written€(the€three€agent€names€appear€toĢĢbe€Frazier,€Killiam,€and€Cunningham),€but€the€sheets€record€the€observations€ofĢĢthe€examination€team€that€night.€They€mark€the€exact€locations€of€the€fragmentsĢĢrecovered.€Incidentally,€these€worksheets€clear€up€one€of€the€major€ĢĢcontroversies€about€the€limousine.€Some€people€have€speculated€that€the€white€ĢĢobject€seen€in€the€photos€was€a€white€cloth€hand€puppet€(which€they€haveĢĢaffectionately€dubbed€Lambchop),€which€was€given€to€Jackie€at€Love€Field.€TheĢĢworksheets€note€that€the€white€object€was€actually€a€bunch€of€chrysanthemums.ĢĢBoth€major€bullet€fragments€were€found€on€the€right€side€of€the€limousine€inĢĢthe€front€compartment.€It€appears€logical€to€me€that€a€ricocheting€fragmentĢĢlanding€on€the€right€side€of€the€front€seat€must€have€come€from€the€ĢĢleft€side€of€the€limousine.€JFK€was€never€to€the€left€of€the€midline,€nor€wasĢĢConnally's€trunk€when€he€was€hit€in€the€back.€But€Connally€had€slumped€intoĢĢhis€wife's€lap€after€he€was€shot€and€his€wrist€was€to€the€left€of€the€midlineĢĢafter€Z-313.€Thus,€I€believe€that€the€damage€to€the€limousine€suggests€thatĢĢConnally's€wrist€was€struck€by€a€different€bullet€than€the€one€which€wentĢĢthrough€his€chest.€And€I€believe€that€the€photographic€evidence€will€show€thatĢĢthe€limousine€was€not€damaged€by€a€shot€from€the€TSBD€at€Z-313,€which€wouldŠ ø/`-0 Š‡prove€by€inference€that€the€headshot€at€Z-313€must€have€been€the€grassy€knollĢĢshot.€In€conclusion,€I€would€urge€all€serious€researchers€to€continue€to€lookĢĢfor€new€evidence€and€strive€to€better€understand€the€evidence€we€already€have,ĢĢinstead€of€devising€bizarre€theories€to€counteract€the€evidence.ĢĢĢĢ[1]€€John€G.€Morris,€"Shooting€the€Presidents,"€ņņPopular€Photographyóó,€PopularŠ Ģ t  ŠĢPhotography,€August€1977,€Volume€81,€Number€2,€81.ĢĢĢĢ