Notes
Slide Show
Outline
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President John F. Kennedy
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Perception vs. Reality in the JFK Assassination
  • Kenneth A. Rahn
  • October 2003
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"PERCEPTION"
  • PERCEPTION


  • The JFK assassination was a conspiracy powerful enough to keep itself hidden for 40 years (believed by 80% of Americans).
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REALITY

Killings of Kennedy and Oswald were unpredictable events. Both were matters of chance, not of conspiracy.
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BIGGEST STORY OF THE ASSASSINATION
  • Perception of conspiracy vs. reality of chance and unpredictability.
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SECOND-BIGGEST STORY OF THE ASSASSINATION
  • Why so many people still cling to conspiracy without any proof for it.
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Main Parts of This Talk
  • Background
  • The Assassination in Pictures
  • Swift and Sure Evidence Against Oswald
  • Chance in the Killings of JFK and Oswald
  • Confirmation by Failed Evidence for Conspiracy
    • Rearward Lurch
    • “Magic” Bullet and SBT
    • Acoustics
    • Shooter on Knoll
    • Too Many Theories
  • Why Do So Many Still Believe?
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Background to Trip
  • Official version: Governor John Connally’s idea.
  • Version of James Reston, Jr.: Kennedy’s idea.
  • Purpose 1: To heal rift in Texas Democratic Party before 1964 election. (Texas could be swing state.)
  • Purpose 2: To raise funds.
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July 13, 1962
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Earlier In The Trip
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Earlier Motorcades With Same Limousine
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Events That Didn’t Happen
  • Friday noon—Luncheon speech at Dallas Trade Mart.
  • Friday afternoon—Austin for reception and speech at fund-raising dinner.
  • Friday evening—Ranch of VP Lyndon Johnson.
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The Assassination in Pictures
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In Ft. Worth Friday Morning
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Arriving At Love Field For The Beginning of the Motorcade
  • Note: This was third motorcade of trip—previous two in Houston and San Antonio.
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The Motorcade into Dallas
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Towner Film
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The Vice President’s Car
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Arrival At Dealey Plaza
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Motorcade Route
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Dealey Plaza
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Just After The Shots Were Fired
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Shots and Death
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Warning!
  • Two graphic photos of killing head shot to follow. Squeamish people, please avert your eyes.
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At Parkland Hospital
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Dr. Malcolm Perry
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Father Huber, Who Gave Last Rites
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Grief
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Back to Love Field and Washington
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Entering the Hearse at Parkland
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Transporting the Casket to the Airport
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The Swearing-In Aboard AF1
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From Air Force One Into the Hearse
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From Andrews AFB to Bethesda
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The Autopsy At Bethesda National Naval Medical Center
  • Conducted at there at the request of Mrs. Kennedy.
  • By Drs. Humes, Boswell, and Finck.
  • Showed that the men were hit by only two bullets, one through the bodies and one through JFK’s head.
  • First bullet (body) would probably have been fatal to JFK.
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Line of Damage Through The Neck
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Warning!
  • Graphic photos to follow. Squeamish people, please avert your eyes.
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Stare of Death” Photo
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Dr. Boswell’s “Face Sheet”
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Dr. Boswell’s Drawing
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Beveling
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Exhibit 386
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Searching The Limousine For Evidence Back In Washington
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Meanwhile, Back In Dallas…
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Oswald Escapes From TSBD and Kills Officer J.D. Tippit
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Leaving the Depository
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Bus Driver Cecil J. McWatters
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Cab-driver William H. Whaley
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At The Time
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1026 North Beckley
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Tenth and Patton, Where Oswald Killed Officer Tippit
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The Exact Spot
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Slain Officer J.D. Tippit
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The Family of Slain Officer J.D. Tippit
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Mrs. Tippit Grieves at Funeral
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Jefferson and Patton, Where Oswald Fled To The Right
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Oswald Captured at the Texas Theater in Oak Cliff
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Hardy’s Shoe Store, Where Johnny Calvin Brewer Noticed Him
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Where Arrested in Texas Theater
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Leaving The Texas Theater
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The Officer Who Subdued Oswald
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In Custody at the DPD
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The Friday Night Press Conference
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The Abortive Transfer on Sunday Morning
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Warning!
  • Two graphic photos from Oswald’s autopsy to follow. Squeamish people, please avert your eyes.
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Oswald’s Grave
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The State Funeral On Monday
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The Official Case Against Oswald
  • Swift, Sure, and Long-lasting.
  • Developed Within 24 Hours.
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Timeline for Events and Evidence
  • 11:55 a.m. Oswald goes to sixth floor of Depository; locks elevator there.
  • 12:30 p.m. Motorcade arrives at Dealey Plaza, five minutes behind time.
  • 12:30 p.m. Mrs. Connally says to JFK, “Mr. President, you can’t say that Dallas doesn’t love you.” JFK replies, “That is very obvious.” (His last words)
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"12:30 p.m."
  • 12:30 p.m. (T=0) Shots ring out.
  • +1 Police realize JFK hit; have Parkland Hospital stand by.
  • +5 Limousine arrives at Parkland.
  • +5 Texas School Book Depository reported as origin of shots.
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"+6"
  • +6 Witness reports shots from fifth floor. Saw “pipe thing sticking out the window.” After first shot, saw one hand on barrel of rifle and the other on trigger.
  • +7 Police ordered to cover Depository. Shots from second window from upper right.
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"+7"
  • +7 Bystander James Tague (at triple underpass) reports cut on cheek by ricochet from bullet. Mark left on curb ignored by FBI for months.
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The View From Tague’s Position
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James Tague’s Cut
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Nick On Curb (Lead plus Antimony)
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"+8"
  • +8 Report of weapon pulled from window in southeast corner of Depository.
  • +10 Request squad car for possible prisoner at Depository.
  • +10 Oswald reaches bus caught traffic on Elm Street.
  • +14 Suspect reported as “unknown white male, approx. 30, slender build, height 5-6, weight 165, reported to be armed with what is thought to be a thirty caliber rifle.” (Howard Brennan)
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Howard Brennan and The Window
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"+15 Focus on fourth/fifth..."
  • +15 Focus on fourth/fifth floor of Depository. Building surrounded and sealed. Not sure whether shooter has left.
  • +15 Oswald leaves bus stuck in traffic. Walks to station and takes taxi to rooming house in Oak Cliff.
  • +18 Dispatcher asks whether President will appear at 12:30 talk at Trade Mart, and whether to feed people there.
  • T+21 “Very doubtful” that President will be appear. Condition unknown.
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"+24 Officer Tippit reports..."
  • +24 Officer Tippit reports in from Oak Cliff, ready for any emergency. Told to remain there. Receives description of suspect. (Last report from him.)
  • +25 Witness from overpass reports President hit. Officers searching rail yard behind Depository. K-9 units coming. Blood requested for Parkland Hospital.
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"+30 (1"
  • +30 (1 p.m.) Last rites given to JFK; pronounced dead. LBJ becomes president without knowing it. Oswald arrives at house in Oak Cliff.
  • +35 Oswald leaves house.
  • +42 Three cartridge cases found in “sniper’s nest” on sixth floor of Depository.
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The Sniper’s Nest
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"+48 Report of police..."
  • +48 Report of police officer shot in Oak Cliff, several blocks from Oswald’s house. Shot four times point-blank.
  • +49 Suspect reported fleeing shooting scene.
  • +52 Rifle found near stairway on sixth floor of Depository. (Later matched to cartridge cases and bullets found at crime scene.)
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CE 139, Oswald’s Rifle
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"+56 Slain officer identified..."
  • +56 Slain officer identified as J.D. Tippit. Police chasing suspect and checking houses nearby.
  • +1:03 Suspect cornered in local library. False alarm—boy who worked there. Witness saw suspect shed jacket while fleeing.
  • +1:15 Suspect enters Texas Theater on West Jefferson, possibly hiding in balcony. Police surround theater.
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"+1:20 Oswald arrested in..."
  • +1:20 Oswald arrested in Texas Theater. Punches officer, pulls pistol, tries to shoot him, shouting “This is it. It’s all over now.”
  • +1:21 Taken to DPD in patrol car.
  • +1:30 Arrives at DPD.
  • Rest of afternoon—Interrogated.
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"+1:45 Capt."
  • +1:45 Capt. Will Fritz returns from Depository and requests search warrant and arrest of Oswald at Fifth St. in Irving (for murder of President). Is told that he has just been arrested for murder of Officer Tippit and is right there in custody.
  • +2:15 Search of Depository completed. Crime Scene Unit still working. Press allowed to photograph.
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"+3:35 First lineup."
  • +3:35 First lineup.
  • +5:50 Second lineup.
  • +6:30 (7 p.m.) DPD ready to charge Oswald with shooting Tippit. Capt. Fritz signs complaint.
  • +6:40 Arraigned for shooting Tippit. Transferred to fifth floor of City Jail (police building). Denies any violence.
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The DPD’s Evidence (as of 7 p.m. Friday) that Oswald Killed Officer J.D. Tippit
  • Identified in separate lineups by six eyewitnesses to the shooting or the escape.
  • Captured with pistol similar to the one used to kill Tippit.
  • Tried to shoot policeman while being arrested.
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"+7:10 Third lineup."
  • +7:10 Third lineup.
  • +8:10 Fingerprints, palmprints taken; paraffin test given.
  • +10:56 Capt. Fritz signs complaint for killing President Kennedy.
  • +11:30 (Midnight) Press conference.
  • +11:50 Maximum security cell.
  • +13:00 (1:30 a.m.) Arraigned for murder of President Kennedy.
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DPD’s Evidence (Midnight Friday) that Oswald Killed President Kennedy
  • Rifle found on sixth floor.
  • Rifle gone from home.
  • Photos of him holding rifle and pistol.
  • Long brown package in sniper’s nest used to bring bulky object to work that morning after unscheduled visit home previous evening. Large enough for rifle. Materials probably from TSBD.
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Evidence, cont’d
  • Three empty cartridge cases from rifle.
  • Matched description of shooter on sixth floor.
  • Only TSBD employee to leave after shooting.
  • Fingerprints on rifle and book cartons.
  • Fresh right palmprint on book carton.
  • Fibers on rifle similar to blanket used to store rifle at home.
  • Order-filling clipboard found near sniper’s nest.
  • Was in TSBD at time of shooting.
  • Last sighted on sixth floor with no intention of coming down soon.
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DPD’s First-Day Case Against Oswald
  • JFK killed by Oswald’s rifle, which he ordered, received, and possessed, with his fingerprints and palmprints on it and boxes nearby.
  • In Depository at time, most recently on sixth floor.
  • Fled, got pistol, shot patrolman in cold blood, tried to kill a third time in theater.
  • Matched description; seen shooting from sixth floor of Depository.
  • No other shooters, weapons, shells, or prints found.
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Evidence Developed Overnight by FBI
  • Order form for rifle in Oswald’s handwriting. Shipped to his P.O. box. Pistol also shipped there.
  • Alias same as used for P.O. box.
  • Three large bullet fragments matched Oswald’s rifle and no other.
  • Cartridge cases matched cases from test firing of rifle.
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FBI Evidence, cont’d
  • Crack in windshield from behind.
  • Blood, tissue, bullet fragments in front of Kennedy.
  • Fibers from paper bag matched fibers in blanket used to store rifle.
  • Fingerprint and palmprint from paper bag matched Oswald.
  • No prints of anyone else found.
  • Lead in small fragments similar to large fragments from his rifle.
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In Other Words:
  • His rifle, his fingerprints and palmprints, his photos, his description, his cartridge cases, his bullet fragments, his package, his revolver, his flight, his killing Tippit.
  • No evidence for anyone else.
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Earl Warren’s Summary of Evidence Against Oswald
  • “Oswald would have been convicted in a two-day trial.”
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Test of Time
  • No part of the case against Oswald has been invalidated or replaced in the last 40 years.
  • The case remains as it was one day after the shooting.
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So Oswald did it.
But was he helped?
  • “Scales of justice” don’t balance—one little guy can’t bring down President of United States all by himself.
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First, Who Was
Lee Harvey Oswald?
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"Born October 18,"
  • Born October 18, 1939 in New Orleans.
  • Father died of heart attack two months before.
  • One brother and one half-brother from mother’s previous marriage.
  • Mother, Marguerite Oswald, was high-strung and temperamental. Worked a series of odd jobs and kept the family in poverty.
  • Sons were in and out of orphanages.
  • Married Edwin Ekdahl in 1944; divorced him in 1948. Only father that Lee ever had.
  • Before age 18, had lived in 22 different residences and attended 12 different schools.
  • New Orleans, Ft. Worth, New York.
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"At age 14,"
  • At age 14, diagnosed by NYC psychologist as having “personality pattern disturbance.”
  • Mediocre to bad in schools.
  • Spent most of time alone.
  • IQ 103 in fourth grade.
  • Became Marxist in 1955.
  • In Marines from 1956–1959, as radar operator. Overseas duty in Japan, Taiwan, and Philippines.
  • Court-martialed twice; spent month in brig. Lost security clearance.
  • Studied Russian in Marines, but ranked “poor” on official test.
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"Got dependency discharge in September..."
  • Got dependency discharge in September 1959. Applied for passport same day.
  • Went to Moscow in September 1962 and tried to defect to USSR.
  • Was refused. Tried to commit suicide in hotel.
  • Given temporary residence permit.
  • Worked in radio factory in Minsk for two years. Became disillusioned with Soviet life.
  • Married Marina Prusakova in April 1961. First child in 1962.
  • Returned to U.S. in June 1962. Lived in Ft. Worth, Dallas, and New Orleans.
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"March 1963—Purchased rifle and handgun..."
  • March 1963—Purchased rifle and handgun as Alek J. Hidell.
  • April 10th, 1963—Used rifle to try to shoot Ret. General Edwin A. Walker at his home in Dallas. Fired through window, but shot was deflected and missed.
  • Back to New Orleans in April to find work. Marina moves in with Ruth Paine in Irving.
  • Summer 1963—Secretary of New Orleans chapter of “Fair Play For Cuba Committee.”
  • August 9th—Arrested for disturbing the peace while distributing leaflets on street in New Orleans.
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"Moved back to Dallas."
  • Moved back to Dallas.
  • Decided to return to USSR. Went to Mexico City in September 1963 to get visa and transit visa through Cuba. Was refused.
  • Returned to Dallas, where Marina was expecting second child, and sought work.
  • Killed by Jack Ruby on November 24th, 1963, at age 24.
  • October 1981—Body exhumed at request of Marina and British writer Michael Eddowes, who claimed that a Soviet clone was really buried there. Turned out to be the real Oswald.
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1944, With Brothers Robert and John
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Age 8
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Civil Air Patrol Picnic in 1955
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California 1959, As a Marine
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Just Defected to Soviet Union in 1959
(This photo ran in American newspapers.)
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In Minsk
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Minsk, June 1962
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On WDSU-TV for “Fair Play For Cuba Committee”
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Passing Out Pro-Cuba Handbills in New Orleans
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Under Arrest in New Orleans
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The Backyard Photo
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Neely Street, Dallas
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The House Today
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The Backyard Today
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Parallel strands of chance bring Oswald and Kennedy together.
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Oswald Brought to Kennedy By Unpredictable Events
  • October 3, 1963—Arrives in Dallas from Mexico, with $133 at most. Unemployment benefits about to expire. Wife pregnant with second child.
  • October—The season when TSBD was hiring (unknown to Oswald).
  • Oct. 4—Applies for job with Padgett Printing Corp., but declined because of bad recommendation from prior job.
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"Oct."
  • Oct. 14—During conversation between Ruth Paine and two neighbors, one suggested TSBD, where her brother had just been hired.
  • Same day—Ruth Paine telephones TSBD, arranges interview.
  • Oct. 15—Oswald speaks with Roy Truly, superintendent at TSBD.
  • Oct. 16—Oswald begins with as order-filler, at $1.25 an hour.
  • October 20—Marina bears second child.
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Could Oswald (Or Anyone) Have Known About The Motorcade?
  • No.
  • Trip announced on Sept. 24th, but for two days only.
  • No motorcade planned for Dallas.
  • Motorcade added between Oct. 28th and Nov. 18th, at least two weeks after Oswald started at TSBD.
  • Final route decided on Nov. 18th, announced in papers Nov. 19th.
  • Oswald saw map on Nov. 21st and abruptly decided to go home that night.
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Mrs. Paine’s House in Irving
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The Street
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Buell Wesley Frazier’s House
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Kennedy Brought to Oswald by Equally Unpredictable Events—“The Three Furies”
  • With acknowledgments to James Reston, Jr., and Joel Grant
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First Fury
  • Texas Christian University (Ft. Worth) cancels honorary degree, because of JFK’s Catholicism.
  • Creates dead time in Ft. Worth.
  • Breakfast event there planned hastily.
  • Still leaves two hours open before noontime speech in Dallas.
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Second Fury
  • Kennedy wants motorcade through Dallas (third motorcade of trip).
  • Connally opposes it—would make Kennedy too tired at luncheon (i.e., not raise enough money).
  • Kennedy wins. Motorcade scheduled.
  • But—route depends on site of luncheon.
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Third Fury
  • Kennedy, advisors, SS want Women’s Building near fairgrounds.
  • Motorcade would go via Stemmons Freeway and cross Dealey Plaza in opposite direction on Main Street (middle of plaza).
  • Much farther from TSBD, moving at 40 mph through the plaza, and slowing down only at corner of Main and Houston.
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"Mrs."
  • Mrs. Kennedy would then be sitting between Oswald and President.
  • TSBD neutralized as shooting spot.
  • But—Connally insists on the Trade Mart for lunch, and the rest is history.
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It Took All Three Furies to Bring Kennedy to Oswald.
  • 1—TCU cancels honorary degree.
  • 2—Kennedy wants motorcade.
  • 3—Connally insists on Trade Mart.
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Take away any of the three, and Oswald would not have shot Kennedy.
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All played out days before trip.
Conspirators could not have known or anticipated.
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Chance Opened Last-Minute Door For Oswald, and He Ran Through It
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Was Jack Ruby part of a conspiracy?
  • First a nobody brings down the President.
  • Then a second nobody snuffs the first one two days later.
  • Had to be a set-up, right?
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No. Parallel strands of chance brought Oswald and Ruby together.
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Who Was Jack Ruby?
  • Born Jacob Rubenstein in Chicago in 1911.
  • Fifth of eight children.
  • Father was Joseph Rubenstein, from Sokolov, Poland.
  • Mother was Fannie Rubenstein, from near Warsaw, Poland; illiterate after 35 years in U.S.
  • Father believed grammar school enough.
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"Household full of discord."
  • Household full of discord. Parents separated in 1921.
  • Mother acquired mental problems.
  • Jack quick-tempered and disobedient.
  • Ran away from school repeatedly.
  • Spent 4 or 5 years in foster homes.
  • Mother died in April 1944.
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"Completed eighth grade when 16"
  • Completed eighth grade when 16. Street kid.
  • Went to San Francisco 1933–1937. Worked odd jobs.
  • Returned to Chicago in 1937. First unemployed, then worked as hustler and ticket-scalper.
  • Got involved with Local 20467 of Scrap Iron and Junk Handlers Union. Union organizer and negotiator for three years.
  • Odd jobs for a few more years.
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"Air Force in 1943–1946."
  • Air Force in 1943–1946.
  • Returned to Chicago and worked for older brother Earl.
  • Moved to Dallas 1947. Managed “Singapore Supper Club” with sister Eva Grant.
  • Changed name to Jack Ruby 1947.
  • Managed various clubs with little success. Always in debt. Kept money in pockets and trunk of car.
  • Difficulties with taxes.
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"Arrested 8 times for carrying..."
  • Arrested 8 times for carrying concealed weapon, disturbing the peace, selling liquor after hours, allowing dancing after hours.
  • Keenly interested in police officers and their work. Befriended many in DPD.
  • Friendly with underworld figures. Loved card playing and gambling. Visited Cuba at expense of professional gambler friend.
  • Kept in good shape; was bouncer at his clubs.
  • Fiery temperament but soft heart.
  • Often described as publicity hound, glad-hander, name dropper, etc.
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Ruby’s killing of Oswald has convinced more people of conspiracy than any other evidence.
  • But it is not so.
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Chance brought Ruby to Oswald.
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Jack Ruby’s Weekend
  • Hears of assassination at Dallas Morning News. Reacts with “stunned disbelief.” Shaken, ashen, pale.
  • Gets in car and can’t stop crying.
  • Decides to close his two clubs for the weekend. Cancels ads.
  • Calls sister in Chicago, crying.
  • Supper at sister’s house in Dallas. Becomes ill.
  • Attends Jewish service; looks very bad.
  • Goes to Pago Club.
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"Midnight—Attends press conference at DPD"
  • Midnight—Attends press conference at DPD.
  • 1:45 a.m.—Brings sandwiches and drinks to radio station KLIF; stays for 2 a.m. newscast.
  • 2:30 a.m.—Leaves for Dallas Times-Herald Building. Stops to talk for an hour with dancer and policeman. Arrives at 4 a.m.
  • 4:30 a.m.—Drives to apartment.
  • 6 a.m.—Retires for the night.
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"8–8:30 a.m.—Awakened at"
  • 8–8:30 a.m.—Awakened at  by call from club manager Larry Crafard asking about feeding the dogs.
  • Noon—Crafard abruptly leaves and hitchhikes to Michigan.
  • Rest of morning—Watches Rabbi on TV give emotional eulogy to JFK.
  • Early afternoon—Drives to Dealey Plaza and talks with people there.
  • 3 p.m.—Drives to Sol’s Turf Bar; stays for 45 minutes.
  • 4 p.m.—Calls friend and attorney Stanley Kaufman about “Bernard Weissman” anti-Kennedy advertisement.
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"4–8 p.m.—At sister’s..."
  • 4–8 p.m.—At sister’s apartment, where he makes calls and sleeps. Still worries that ad intended to “discredit the Jews.”
  • 9:30 p.m.—Back in own apartment. Gets call from dancer Karen Carlin asking for advance on salary. Promises to meet her at club but doesn’t. Calls old friend Lawrence Myers; commiserates about Kennedy family. Calls competitors to berate them for staying open.
  • 11 p.m.—Drives to Nichols garage to repay attendant who had advanced Carlin $5.
  • 11:48 p.m.—Goes to Pago Club and berates them for being open.
  • 1:30 a.m.—Retires for the night.
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Sunday Morning
  • 9–9:30—Gets up.
  • 10:00—Oswald scheduled to be transferred from city jail to county jail.
  • 10:19—Receives phone call from his dancer Karen Carlin, who lived in Ft. Worth and was requesting $25 for groceries and overdue rent. Says he is going downtown and will send it to her from there.
  • 10:20—Takes 30–40 minutes to bathe and dress.
  • Just before 11:00—Leaves for Western Union office downtown. Takes revolver, portable radio, and favorite dog Sheba, a dachshund.
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"11:00–11:15—Drives past Dealey Plaza and..."
  • 11:00–11:15—Drives past Dealey Plaza and sees wreaths. Notes crowd outside police station.
  • 11:15—Parks across from Western Union. Leaves keys, billfold, and $1000 in cash in trunk. Puts trunk key in glove compartment and leaves car unlocked.
  • 11:15—With revolver and $2000 cash, enters Western Union office, fills out forms to telegraph $25 to Carlin. Waits patiently in line.
  • 11:17—Gets time stamped on receipt. Walks half block to police station and enters basement via ramp briefly left unguarded.
  • 11:21—Oswald enters basement on way to car. Ruby lunges forward and shoots him in abdomen.
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The Dallas Police Department
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The Parking Lot To Its Left
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And The Western Union Office To Its Left
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"Questions:"
  • Questions:


  • Would a conspirator intent on shooting a prisoner being transferred leave home an hour after the transfer?
  • Would he stop to do an errand on the way?
  • Would he mosey on down to the police station 80 minutes late?


  • You know the answer.
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The “Sheba factor”
  • Ruby was big dog-lover.
  • Always with his dogs, “my children.”
  • Brought his favorite, Sheba, downtown Sunday morning. Left her in car when he went to Western Union and police station.
  • Later, a police officer went to move car to guarded lot. When he got behind the wheel, heard some shuffling newspapers on the front seat, and out popped Sheba.
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Question to Dog Lovers:
  • Would you take your favorite dog downtown and leave her in the car if you knew you were not coming back?


  • You know the answer.
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Did Ruby Conspire to Kill Oswald?
NO, for four big reasons.
  • Not dependable enough for it.
  • Had better chance at press conference Friday night and didn’t take it.
  • Left home Sunday morning an hour after Oswald to be transferred.
  • Took favorite dog Sheba with him and left her in car.
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Conclusion about Jack Ruby
  • Killed Oswald on impulse, just as he claimed. Not part of conspiracy.


  • Biggest argument for conspiracy invalidated.
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Jack Ruby said it best:

 “Hell, I couldn’t have planned it to work like that.”
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Chance brings Oswald to Ruby
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Oswald’s Transfer Delayed Twice.
  • Chief Postal Inspector Harry Holmes decided at the last minute he wanted to question Oswald further.
  • That took an hour.
  • Then Oswald requested to change into a dark sweater for TV.
  • That took 10 minutes.
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Had Holmes not questioned Oswald or had Oswald not asked for the sweater, Ruby would have arrived too late and Oswald would have lived.
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Chance Opened Last-Minute Door for Ruby, and He Ran Through It.
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Oswald and Ruby Both Cleared of Conspiracy
  • Oswald by the unpredictable events that brought him to Kennedy and by the “Three Furies” that brought Kennedy to him.
  • Ruby by the dancer’s unpredicted call for money that brought him to Oswald and by the two unexpected delays that brought Oswald to him.
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Chance, Not Conspiracy
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Could It Be That There Was No Conspiracy At All?
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If no conspiracy, we can make two major predictions:
  • All evidence for conspiracy will ultimately fail.
  • If people persist in claiming conspiracy, their theories will be all over the place because they are ungrounded.
  • This is exactly what happened.
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Major physical evidence for conspiracy fails.
  • Rearward lurch in Zapruder film.
  • “Magic” bullet.
  • Acoustics.
  • Shooter on knoll.
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Rearward Lurch In Zapruder Film
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The Zapruder Film
  • Shot by Abraham Zapruder, Russian immigrant, who owned dress-making firm in Dal-Tex Building adjacent to Depository.
  • Almost didn’t take it. Secretary made him go home and get camera.
  • Most famous home movie ever taken.
  • Captures killing sequence. (Sorry for the gore.)
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Warning!
  • Graphic Zapruder film to follow. Squeamish people, please avert your eyes.
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The Rearward Lurch
(Note how it accelerates over several frames)
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But rearward lurch was second movement, not first. The first was forward, and too quick to be seen in real time.
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303
 
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Conclusions From Movements
  • Hit from rear (quick forward motion).
  • Explosion briefly propels head backward.
  • Then longer lurch takes over.
  • Acceleration too long to be from bullet.
  • Can’t be from acceleration of car.
  • Only other possibility is neuromuscular stiffening.
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That removes the lurch as evidence for conspiracy.
  • JFK was not shot in head from the front.
  • Shot only from the rear.
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The “Magic” Bullet and the SBT
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The Single-Bullet Theory (SBT)
  • Developed by Arlen Specter and colleagues to resolve two problems—insufficient time for single shooter to hit both men separately (1.6 sec vs. 2.3 req’d to recycle rifle), and hit to James Tague.
  • Men properly aligned (see photo).
  • Tracks of actual wounds compatible.
  • 6.5-mm MC bullets have tremendous penetrating power. (See separate slides.)
  • Nowhere for bullet to go except into car or Connally, and didn’t go into car.
  • SBT heavily criticized, however.
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CE 399—The “Magic” Bullet
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Penetrating Power of 6.5-mm FMJ Bullets
  • 10–15 years after introduction of long, heavy 6.5-mm military cartridges, they were being used to kill elephants because of their outstanding, almost “super-human,” penetrating power.
  • Warren Commission not told of this capability, already known for half century.
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"Army boards that tested weapons..."
  • Army boards that tested weapons under 30-caliber in the 1920s recommended dropping U.S. 30-06 and adopting 6.5-mm because of its superior killing power. Military declined, however.
  • The notion of a single bullet penetrating two men is not out of the ordinary, given the 6.5’s legendary penetrating capabilities.
  • More suspicious had bullet NOT passed through both bodies.
  • Long, heavy FMJ 6.5 had been oohing and
    ahhing military and civilian observers and users for more than 50 years before the assassination.
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Penetrates 47 Inches of Pine Without Deforming
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The “pristine” bullet …
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Wasn’t really!
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Base of CE 399
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Deformation vs. Velocity
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Developing The SBT
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FBI Reenactment
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Reenactment of Frame 225
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FBI Reenactment of SBT
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Todd Wayne Vaughn’s SBT
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That Removes The “Magic” Bullet As Evidence For Conspiracy
  • It could easily do what the Warren Commission said it did.
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The HSCA and The Acoustics
  • All police radio communications that day were recorded and kept.
  • Channel 1 for regular operations. Channel 2 for the motorcade.
  • Low-grade voice recorders, dictabelt and audiograph. From 200–250 cps to 2400–2500 cps.
  • Given to FBI right after assassination, returned to DPD in March 1964 and placed in safe. Officer Paul McCaghren took them home years later for safe keeping.
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"Microphone from one motorcycle was..."
  • Microphone from one motorcycle was stuck open near time of assassination, but on Channel 1 rather than Channel 2.
  • HSCA became interested to see whether shots had been recorded.
  • Selected appropriate time and had it tested for shots.
  • Evidence for four shots found, with #3 coming from the knoll.
  • Did not test any other segments of tape for apparent shots (false positives). HUGE ERROR!
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"Claimed motorcycle was that of..."
  • Claimed motorcycle was that of H.B. McLain, on Houston Street at the time. Claimed he was listening to Channel 1.
  • Called Officer McLain to testify. Would not let him hear tape.
  • DPD told HSCA they knew whose motorcycle it was, someone far from Dealey Plaza. HSCA not interested.
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"Back in Dallas,"
  • Back in Dallas, McLain listened to tape and saw that it was not his motorcycle—had to be “three-wheeler” instead. (Engines sound very different.)
  • His reaction: “Hell, J.C. [Bowles], there ain’t no way it was my microphone stuck open.”
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"Reasons"
  • Reasons
    • Sound of three-wheeler, not McLain’s two-wheeler.
    • Was tuned to Channel 2.
    • Motorcycle on tape ran fast, then idled, the opposite of HSCA’s claims.
    • McLain was stopped for entire shooting, while taped motorcycle running.
    • No crowd noise on tape.
    • Actual officer whistled; everybody knew who he was.
    • Officer kept quiet because he had made a remark that he shouldn’t have.
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"Probability of fourth shot was..."
  • Probability of fourth shot was 50%.
  • Had second firm check procedures.
  • They said probability was 95%.
  • First firm then agreed.
  • Conclusion of 95% probable conspiracy rushed through committee at 11th hour.
  • Soon after final report released, acoustic conclusion debunked by National Academy of Sciences.
  • All debate since then has been useless, since it is based on wrong origin of tape.
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House Select Committee On Assassinations was intellectually dishonest at best, criminally negligent at worst.
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But Wasn’t There A Shooter On The Knoll?
  • Pro (Weak)
    • Witnesses heard shot(s) from that direction.
    • One witness claimed to see shooter there.
    • Big rearward lurch.
  • Con (Strong)
    • No physical trace there (rifle, shells, clear sighting).
    • No damage to left hemisphere of Kennedy’s brain.
    • All fragments from crime scene trace back to Oswald’s rifle ballistically/chemically.
    • Too close up there—bystanders would have seen and heard. (See next photos.)
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"Closeness makes shot good."
  • Closeness makes shot good.
  • Also makes shooter obvious.
  • No shooter detected there.
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“Badgeman” from the Moorman Polaroid
  • See if you believe he was really there.
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“Badgeman”
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Gordon Arnold, JackAL, Badgeman, Railroad Worker, and Unnamed in the Same Photo
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North Knoll Sniper and Railroad Worker
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Want More Detail?
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Bald guys, here’s one for you—“Baldman.”
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All major evidence for conspiracy fails
  • The rearward lurch
  • The “magic” bullet
  • The acoustics
  • Shooters on knoll
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This validates the first prediction on nonconspiracy—all evidence for conspiracy will fail.
  • Next check second prediction—conspiracy scenarios will be all over the place.
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How Many Theories Would You Like?
  • At least 100 by my count.
  • Nearly every writer proposes different theory.
  • You can find anything in them that you want.
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How Many Shots Would You Like?
  • ≥3, ≥2–4, ≤4, Probably 4, 4?, 4, 4–6, >4–6, 5, 6, ≥6 (“fusillade”), 6–9, at least 6–7, 7, 8–10, ≥9, and “volley.”
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How Many Gunmen Would You Like?
  • Number of gunmen front/rear = 0/2, 1/1, 1/2, 1/3, 2–3/2, 1/≥2, ≥1/≥1, ≥1/≥2, 1/2?, 2?/2?, ≥1/?, 1?/1?, ?/?, 6 total >2 rear, only front.
357
Which Shooters Would You Like?
  • Probably not Oswald
  • Not Oswald
  • George Hickey
  • Oswald + ?
  • Oswald + “Raymo”
  • Three teams
  • “Saul,” the European assassin
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"“Probably Oswald”"
  • “Probably Oswald” plus others
  • “World-class assassin”
  • Probably foreign nationals
  • Oswald “double” in Depository, friend of CIA Mexico City station chief at knoll
  • CIA plus outsiders not Oswald
  • Richard Cain and Chuckie Nicoletti, from Chicago, plus CIA’s Roscoe White, J.D. Tippit, Oswald, and Frank Fiorini
  • Deputy Sheriff Harry Weatherford, from County Records Building
  • James Files
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Which Instigators Would You Like?
  • Oswald alone
  • Accident
  • Lyndon B. Johnson
  • Mafia (Carlos Marcello)
  • CIA Covert Operations
  • Hoffa/Mafia/Hoover
  • CIA right-wing anti-Castroites + Cubans
  • Marcello + Hoover
  • CIA + Mafia
  • Clay Shaw and right-wing anti-Castroites, including CIA
  • Military/industrial complex, Mafia, CIA
  • “Secret Team” of 100 powerful Americans
  • Business/crime/military
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More Instigators
  • Texas oil barons, VP Johnson + possibly his wife, Hoover, Dallas law enforcement, Mafia
  • Military/Industrial/Intelligence complex = Secret Team
  • CIA
  • “The British,” presumably the government
  • US intelligence community
  • Mafia, CIA, Dallas law enforcement, Dallas mayor
  • CIA, Mafia Castro plotters
  • Executive branch of US government, including Secret Service
  • “Secret Team,” including Secret Service
  • Complex “cowboy” cabal
  • “Secret Team” + educational establishment and Catholic school hierarchy
  • The Israeli Mossad
  • Rogue elements of CIA + Mafia
  • Vietnamese
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Elbow to Elbow at Dealey Plaza—At least 67 conspirators identified as being in or near there! (Dave Perry)
  • “Saul,” a European hitman
  • Secret Service Agent in parking lot
  • “Badgeman”
  • William Greer, driver of President’s car (I’m not kidding.)
  • Frank Sturgis, CIA roustabout
  • Charles Harrelson (father of Woody, of Cheers)
  • E. Howard Hunt
  • Dallas Policeman
  • James Files (confessed to Blockbuster Video)
  • “Carlos”
  • George Hickey (Secret Service agent in follow-up car, by mistake)
  • Jack Ruby
  • Valeri Kosikyan (What’s a good assassination without a Russian nearby?)
  • “Ruth Ann,” “Cindy,” “Raoul”
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Charles Harrelson in 1960
(Father of Woody from “Cheers”)
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The Remington XP-100 Fireball
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Why So Many Theories?
(Nearly As Many As Writers)
  • The evidence isn’t definitive for any of them.
  • No evidence for anything beyond a lone shooter.
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Then Why Do So Many People Cling To Conspiracy?
  • A large segment of the population cannot or will not accept the simple answer dictated by the physical evidence.
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"The answer lies inside ourselves"
  • The answer lies inside ourselves, and may be the most intriguing aspect of the entire assassination.
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Consider the parallels with UFOs, alien abductions, etc. (Courtesy of Carl Sagan)
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"Physical evidence of alien technology..."
  • Physical evidence of alien technology promised for 50 years—still nothing.
  • Always to be released momentarily.
  • No articles in refereed scientific literature.
  • Such a discovery would be momentous.
  • Scientists live for things like this.
  • Its absence speaks volumes.
  • No compelling physical evidence of alien abductions, either.
  • Nothing that comes even close.
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Conclusions…
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"“Alien abductions”"
  • “Alien abductions” are mainly about us, our brains, how we think and dream, how we can be misled, etc.
  • There is genuine scientific paydirt in UFOs and alien abductions, but about us, not them.
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In Other Words:
  • Conspiracies ‘R Us.
  • We want to believe so much that we suspend our rationality.
  • That is very dangerous.
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The JFK Assassination Is About Us
  • We want to believe so much that we suspend our rationality.
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Why Do We Want To Believe?
  • Mystery.
  • Excitement.
  • The unknown.
  • Be first to find the conspiracy.
  • Absolve ourselves of responsibility.
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Why Is False Belief So Dangerous?
  • For 40 years, America and the world have been living with a falsehood about the JFK assassination.
  • Perpetrated by vocal critics who have carried the day by persistence, volume, and harshness.
  • They have no solid evidence, and their case has remained the same for 40 years.
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From Dallas to Watergate
  • The refrain we have heard so many times.
  • Dallas was the beginning of real cynicism and distrust for our American leaders.
  • “We” killed JFK. “We” killed RFK. “We” killed MLK. “We” are covering them up.
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It’s A Hurtful Illusion
  • “We” didn’t kill JFK. One solitary misfit did.
  • He brought a gun to work, shot out the window during lunch, and got lucky.
  • We chose not to see the event as it really was.
  • We brought about 40 unnecessary years of self-criticism.
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Time to Rewrite This Sorry Chapter in American History.

Time to Vow Never Again to Be Hoodwinked by Critics Without Evidence.
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Not Just JFK
  • UFOs
  • Crop circles
  • Alien abductions
  • Chemtrails
  • Moon hoaxes
  • TWA Flight 800
  • Remote viewing
  • The face on Mars
  • Attack on Pentagon
  • Attack on World Trade Center
  • Crash of Sen. Paul Wellstone’s plane
381
We Must Be On Guard At All Times
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We must build critical thinking and healthy skepticism into our educational system.
383
The End
  • Thank you!
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