REFERENCES:

1. State v Moore (1990, MN) 458 NW2d 90, 9 ALR5th 1058, The court found that the prosecution sufficiently established that the results of a blood splatter analysis were generally accepted in the scientific as well as the judicial community

People v Knox (1984, 3d District) 121 Ill App 3d 579, 76 Ill Dec 942, 459 NE2d 1077, The court found bloodstain pattern analysis based in scientific principal and technique had gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belonged; establish the reliability of blood flight evidence

Farris v State (1983, OK Crim) 670 P2d 995, The court rejected the challenge to the reliability of bloodstain pattern analysis technique and its acceptance in the scientific community, noting that it was a forensic science recognized by the FBI, New Scotland Yard, and the Oklahoma's Bureau of Investigation

Lewis v State (1987, Texas App Houston (1st District)) 737 SW2d 857, The court held that expert testimony regarding the results of a blood splatter analysis was properly admitted, concluding that the expert's discipline was scientifically recognized and reliable, since his studies were based on general principles of physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics

Hampton v State (1992, IN App) 588 NE2d 555,The court observed that, because of its physical properties, blood which has been put in motion reacts in a certain, predictable manner when it hits a surface. In further support of its conclusion that there was a satisfactory foundation for the admission of the evidence, the court noted that blood splatter analysis might be reduced to common, fundamental sciences, such as mathematics, chemistry, and physics.

State v Deel (1986, Ohio App) docket no. 11-062, With the presence of publications, seminars, and recognized experts in the field of bloodstain pattern analysis, the Court indicated the general reliability of the field.
2. Including: FBI, FBI Academy, Forensic Science Training Unit, Building 12, Quantico, VA, USA; Politie LSOP Institute for Criminal Investigation and Crime Science, Zutphen, The Netherlands; Hong Kong Government Laboratory, Hong Kong
National Bureau of Investigation, Vantaa, Finland; Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Support Services to Canadian Law Enforcement Agencies; Centre for Forensic Sciences, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore Government Laboratory; Forensic Science Service, executive agency of the Home Office of England and Wales
3. You apply the language of kinematics and Newton's laws of motion to understand the motion of objects moving in two dimensions. The most common example of an object that is moving in two-dimensions is a projectile. A projectile is any object that once projected continues in motion by its own inertia and is influenced only by the downward force of gravity. This study focus on the resulting pattern created when a projectile strikes blood. The Pythagorean Theorem is used to determine the point of origin in patterns. The impact angle of individual stains can be determined mathematically by carefully measuring the width of a stain and comparing it to the length of the same stain. By taking the arc sin of this ratio, one can accurately pinpoint the angle of impact of individual stains.
4. To the XXIII Congres De Medicine Legale De Francais.
5. This was also published in the forensic Journal Annales De Medecine Legale De Criminologie Police Scientifique, Medecine Sociale Et Toxicologie, Vol 19, 1939, pp. 265-323.
6. The victim Richard Hunne was jailed in Lolland's Tower on five charges of heresy. One morning Hunne was found hanged in his jail cell. After his death thirteen additional charges of heresy were brought against Hunne including one charge for self-murder. After review of both the bloodstain and medical evidence the court found, "Whereby it appeareth plainly to us all, that the neck of Hunne was broken, and the great plenty of blood was shed before he was hang'd. Wherefore all we find by God and all our Consciences, that Richard Hunne was murdered. Also we acquit the Said Richard Hunne of his own death."
7. Marilyn Sheppard was brutally beaten to death. Sam Sheppard served 10 years in the Ohio Penitentiary for her murder, only to be freed by a landmark Supreme Court ruling. Dr. Paul Kirk, a nationally known criminologist, was allowed in the house after Sheppard's conviction, he discovered evidence pointing to Sheppard's innocence that the second Sheppard jury, 12 years later, found convincing. He explained his conclusion that one blood spot was from someone other than Sam or Marilyn and that the killer was left-handed. He offered as his expert opinion that the blood on Sam's watch came from touching the body, presumably when he felt for a pulse. The second jury in 1966 declared Samuel H. Sheppard legally not guilty.
8. A.C. Charters: Wounding mechanism of very high velocity projectiles. Journal Trauma 16:464, 1976
DiMaio VJM, Zumwalt RE: Rifle wounds from high velocity, center-fire hunting ammunition. Journal of Forensic Sciences 132, 1976; Herget, CM: Wound ballistics. In Bowers WF (ed): Surgery of Trauma. Philadelphia, JB Lippincott, 1953
9. Barach, E., M. Tomlanovich, and R. Nowak 1986 Ballistics: A Pathophysiologic Examination Of The Wounding Mechanism Of Firearms: Part I. The Journal of Trauma 26:225-235
10. DeMuth WE Jr: Ballistic characteristics of "Magnum" sidearm bullets. J Trauma 14:227; Mechanisms Of Injury, By Bill Beaumont, 9-11.com Online Journal
11. Dziemian AJ et al: Comparison of the wounding characteristics of some commonly encountered bullets. Journal Trauma 1:341, 1961
12. Entry wound
13. Entry and exit wound
14. Dziemian AJ et al: Comparison of the wounding characteristics of some commonly encountered bullets. Journal Trauma 1:341, 1961
15. Kirkpatrick JB, DiMaio V: Civilian gunshot wounds of the brain. Journal of Neurosurgery 49:185, 1978
16. What's Wrong With The Wound Ballistics Literature, And Why, M.L. Fackler, M.D.Letterman Army Institute of Research Division of Military Trauma Research Institute Report No. 239, July 1987
17. Gunshot Wounds : Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics, and Forensic Techniques by Vincent J. M. Di Maio
18. Newton's third law of motion teaches in every interaction, there is a pair of forces acting on the two interacting objects. The size of the force on the first object equals the size of the force on the second object. The direction of the force on the first object is opposite to the direction of the force on the second object. Forces always come in pairs - equal and opposite action-reaction force pairs. Newton's third law of motion is naturally applied to collisions between two objects. In accord with Newton's second law of motion, the acceleration of an object is dependent upon both force and mass. Thus, if the colliding objects have unequal mass, they will have unequal accelerations as a result of the contact force that results during the collision. For a collision occurring between object 1 and object 2 in an isolated system, the total momentum of the two objects before the collision is equal to the total momentum of the two objects after the collision. That is, the momentum lost by object 1 is equal to the momentum gained by object 2.
19. The type of blood used was human whole blood. The units of blood used were of different blood groupings. This blood was acquired via local hospitals as outdated blood marked previously for surgery.
20. The distances the paper targets were placed in front of and behind the target blood were 6 inches, 12 inches, 18 inches, 24 inches, 36 inches, 48 inches, 60 inches and 72 inches.
21. Ammunition used included: Federal .25 ACP, 50 grains, 760 fps from muzzle, 64.11 ft lbs kinetic energy; Winchester.32 Super-X SHP, 60 grains, 970 fps from muzzle, 125.32 ft lbs kinetic energy; Federal.357 Magnum JHP, 110 grains, 1300 fps from muzzle, 412.69 ft lbs kinetic energy; Remington .357 Magnum SJHP, 125 grains, 1350 fps from muzzle, 505.74 ft lbs kinetic energy; Winchester .357 Magnum SPG, 180 grains, 1180 fps from muzzle, 556.40 ft lbs kinetic energy; Remington .38 S&W, 146 grains, 685 fps from muzzle, 152.08 ft lbs kinetic energy; Remington .40 S&W JHP, 155 grains, 1205 fps from muzzle, 499.64 ft lbs kinetic energy; Federal Hydra-Shok .45 Auto, 185 grains, 950 fps from muzzle, 370.65 ft lbs kinetic energy; Winchester 9mm Supreme SXT, 147 grains, 990 fps from muzzle, 319.84 ft lbs kinetic energy; Remington 9mm JHP+P, 115 grains, 1135 fps from muzzle, 328.88 ft lbs kinetic energy; Federal Premium 9mm FMJ, 124grains, 1120 fps from muzzle, 345.31 ft lbs kinetic energy; Winchester .30 Super-X HSP, 110 grain, 1790 fps from muzzle, 782.44 ft lbs kinetic energy
22. In an interview with TV reporter Bill Lord, Chaney explained that he was "riding on the right rear fender" of JFK's limo during the shooting, and that "the President was struck in the face" by the second shot. Lord ended the interview by telling the audience that "(Chaney) was so close his uniform was splattered with blood". ABC/WFAA (Dallas)
23. "I felt something falling all over me. My sensation was of spent buckshot. My eyes saw bloody matter in tiny bits all over the car." Nellie Connally; Nellie Connally: That Day in Dallas by Robert R. Rees, http://rtb.home.texas.net/connally.htm
24. Testimony Of Roy H. Kellerman, Special Agent, Secret Service Beginning At 2H61

Mr. KELLERMAN. Senator, between all the matter that was--between all the matter that was blown off from an injured person, this stuff all came over.
Senator COOPER. What was that?
Mr. KELLERMAN. Body matter; flesh..
Mr. SPECTER. When did you first notice the substance which you have described as body matter?
Mr. KELLERMAN. When I got to the hospital, sir, it was all over my coat.
Mr. SPECTER. Did you notice it flying past you at any time prior to your arrival at the hospital?
Mr. KELLERMAN. Yes; I know there was something in the air.
Mr. SPECTER. When, in relation to the shots, Mr. Kellerman, did you notice the substance in the air?
Mr. KELLERMAN. Fine. When I have given the orders to Mr. Lawson, this is when it all came between the driver and myself.
Mr. SPECTER. Can you describe what it was in a little more detail as it appeared to you at that time?
Mr. KELLERMAN. This is a rather poor comparison, but let's say you take a little handful of matter--I am going to use sawdust for want of a better item--and just throw it.

25. "my windshield and left arm were hit with blood and brain matter immediately after the head shot." Samuel A. Kinney
26. "There was blood and bits of brain all over the entire rear portion of the car." Clint Hill
27. Police Officer Seymore Weitzman in his Warren Commission testimony stated he discovered a piece of skull bone lying in the street, just inches from the South curbing, and roughly 20 feet to Kennedy's left.
28. my windshield and left arm were hit with blood and brain matter immediately after the head shot." Samuel A. Kinney
29. http://www.jfklancer.com/Limousine.html
30. This is from Martin's Warren Commission testimony.

Mr. BALL: Did you notice any stains on your helmet?
Mr. MARTIN: Yes, sir; during the process of working traffic there, I noticed that there were blood stains on the windshield, on my motor, and then I pulled off my helmet and I noticed there were blood stains on the left side of my helmet.

31. Criminal District Court Parish Of Orleans State Of Louisiana State Of Louisiana Vs. Clay L. Shaw 198-059 1426 (30) Section "C" Excerpt Of The Testimony Taken In Open Court February 21, 1969 And February 22, 1969
32. I wanted to determine exactly what he meant by the phrase in question. So, I spoke with Mr. Frazier over the telephone in January 2002. I read the statement to him and ask what his intentions were concerning that phrase. He replied " It has been 30 years since that happened, and I may have made a contemporaneous statement then with more detail. I just don't remember all the bloodstains. We were more concerned with examining blood clots and such as we were looking for bullet fragments in the car." I then specifically asked, "Was there more blood found on the hood as opposed to the blood found on the trunk?" His answer was " You mean 8,000 stains versus 10,000 stains? (after a pause) You know, the head shot came from the rear. And if there was more blood on the rear, it was because it flowed out of his head as they drove down the road." So, we are left to wonder what he meant at the time. I am happy to retract my interpretation, if it helps others to understand the incident more accurately. As an aside, he did tell me no one had specifically investigated the vehicle with intent to study or examine the bloodstains.
33. " ...it was like a bucket of blood was thrown from his head" Bobby Hargis
"My eyes saw bloody matter in tiny bits all over the car." Nellie Connally
"It was like a red mist or a cloud of blood in front of his face" Bill Newman
34. "I felt something falling all over meMy eyes saw bloody matter in tiny bits all over the car." Nellie Connally
" It looked like a red mist or a cloud of blood in front of his face" Bill Newman (Note: Hear our Bill Newman Interview with RealAudio)
35. Newton's third law of motion

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