BETWEEN THE SIGNAL AND THE NOISE
The Best Evidence Hoax and David Lifton's War Against the Critics of the Warren Commission
By Roger Bruce Feinman
(c) Copyright 1993 by Roger Bruce Feinman. All rights reserved. May be widely distributed in disk, electronic or manuscript form (i.e., unbound computer printout) so long as no fee is charged except the costs of reproduction, postage and handling. If distributed in disk or electronic form, this copyright notice must appear. Single quotations in other works limited to 500 contiguous words up to a total of 2000 words. For longer quotations contact author.
"Of course, having written a best selling book (Best
Evidence is now with its fourth publisher and has had about 30 printings),
and being the producer of a best selling video, I suppose I am a public figure,
and criticism comes with the territory…"
—David Lifton in a letter to Jacqueline Liebergott, President of
Emerson College, December 8, 1992
"We cannot speak of falsehood until there is this
awareness of the existence of a reality within oneself and external to
oneself."
—Marcel Eck, Lies & Truth
AUTHOR'S PREFACE
On April 3, 1993, I appeared in a panel debate on the
medical evidence in the John F. Kennedy assassination at the Midwest Symposium
on Assassination Politics in Chicago. Speaking for the critics of the official
medical findings were Dr. Cyril H. Wecht, Wallace Milam, David Lifton, and I. An
opposing panel defending the government's case consisted of Dr. George Lundberg,
editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association, Dr. John K. Lattimer,
Dr. Michael West, and Dr. Marc Micozzi.
This direct confrontation between critics and defenders
afforded me a rare opportunity to make two points that have been nagging at me
for quite some time: First, after nearly 30 years, we still do not have a full
and honest official account of what occurred on the night of November 22, 1963,
at the autopsy of Kennedy's remains at Bethesda Naval Hospital, or of how the
autopsy pathologists reached their ultimate findings. Second, without fact,
theories just don't work.
I am neither a well-known critic nor a professional public
speaker (perhaps an odd apology coming from a trial attorney, but I find it
rather nerve-wracking to prepare for and then face larger audiences), nor do I
have any burning desire for celebrity in connection with this case. I tried to
persuade all of my co-panelists on the critics' side beforehand to avoid
discussion of theories, to attack the government's case on the narrowest and
least vulnerable grounds, and to stick to the evidence. In all but one case, my
persuasion was either unnecessary or successful. The exception was David Lifton,
the author of Best Evidence.
Mr. Lifton, who spoke before I did at his insistence,
reviewed the tape-recorded interview he did with Dr. James J. Humes, the chief
autopsy pathologist, in 1966. He apparently wanted to demonstrate that Dr. Humes
conceded the possibility that President Kennedy's body was altered before it was
delivered to Bethesda for autopsy. No one in the audience with whom I later
conferred believed the tape anywhere near conclusive of this question; some
believed that the very suggestion (which was novel and unpublished in 1966)
startled Dr. Humes, but that Mr. Lifton was reading way too much into Humes'
remarks, especially his omission to flatly deny the alteration theory.
Mr. Lifton also propounded a series of rhetorical questions
concerned with his theory that the bullet wound in President Kennedy's back was
artificially inflicted after the assassination.
Mr. Lifton did not directly address the two articles that
had recently been published by JAMA, featuring interviews with the autopsy
pathologists. It was my understanding that this was the purpose of the debate. I
believe that Mr. Lifton's use of this occasion amounted to little more than
self-promotion.
When my turn came, I stated for the record that I do not
subscribe to the Best Evidence theory. I refuted Mr. Lifton's suggestion
that there was no back wound with some new information given to me just days
earlier. I encouraged the audience to focus on what occurred at the autopsy,
instead of looking for ghost conspirators who allegedly intercepted and
mutilated the President's corpse. These remarks, however, constituted a small
fraction of my presentation, which I mainly devoted to examining the autopsy
pathologists' self-contradictory statements about the autopsy.
I felt (and still do) that my remarks were appropriate,
well guided, and necessary. Advance flyers promoting the Symposium advertised
the critics' panel as a "team" serving as counterpoint to JAMA's
panel. JAMA had a unified position, i.e., the Warren Report was correct. The
critics are not unified in their beliefs, although the news media tends to lump
them together. Mr. Lifton's theory is highly controversial and yet unproved,
although it has been widely adopted and thoroughly publicized. He and I have
diametrically and irreconcilably opposing viewpoints on the subject of the
autopsy. The convener of the debate planned to disseminate a tape to the public.
I wanted it clearly established that not all critics agree with Lifton; that my
points should be answered separately; and that our views of what constitutes the
heart of the problem are very different. My dual goals were to prod the audience
into thought both about the credibility of the pathologists, an issue that Mr.
Lifton concedes as a given, and, frankly, about the value of his thesis.
As I returned to my seat, Mr. Lifton said to me,
"You're despicable." It was evident that my remarks upset him, even
though I had credited him with an important evidentiary find, a witness who had
conversed with White House Physician Adm. George Burkley that night. During an
interchange before the audience, Mr. Lifton took out of his portfolio and read
from a printout of an E-mail message I had sent him as a follow-up to a recent
telephone conversation in preparation for the debate. Although the entire thrust
of the message had been tactics and strategy for the debate, Mr. Lifton
attempted to use a portion of it to portray my approach to the case as
equivocal.
Most of the audience reaction that I received afterward was
highly complimentary. I recall that the audience was generous in its response,
and I believe that the tape of the event will prove that statement correct.
On the Compuserve Information Service, some discussion
ensued among Symposium attendees about the episode. To explain my stand on Mr.
Lifton's work, I uploaded a computer file containing an informal critique to one
of the forum software libraries. One forum member, a fan of Best Evidence
who has contributed research to Mr. Lifton, objected to its tone and disagreed
with its content, whereupon a discussion of Mr. Lifton's work followed.
Approximately two weeks later, two separate essays by
Lifton were filed in response to mine. One replied to my suggestion that the
semi-autobiographical nature of his book was questionable in that Mr. Lifton did
not appear to have much of a theory, or much evidence to support his theory,
until after the House Select Committee on Assassinations completed its work in
December 1978, and still had nothing to show for his years of labor. Mr. Lifton
purported to trace the development of his work in arguing that I was incorrect.
The other Lifton essay was a vehement personal attack in
the manner of a long-distance psychological profile by someone who admitted that
he did not know me well.
Mr. Lifton complained to Compuserve authorities that I had
libeled him, a misconception on his part but one that temporarily intimidated
the forum operators into removing my essay from their software library. It was
restored only at my insistence that readers ought to see what had aroused
Lifton's ire. The forum operators, nonlawyers who were clearly swayed by the
protestations of Lifton supporters and also apparently afforded Mr. Lifton the
presumption of legitimacy that sometimes attaches to well-known and impressively
backed celebrities, struggled to find a coherent rationale for their actions.
Mr. Lifton apparently decided to help them. He subsequently joined Compuserve as
a member to claim the protection of the service's rule against abusive personal
insults by members against each other, a rule that appears to encompass matters
falling far short of the legal definition of libel.
Mr. Lifton maintains, in effect, that to attack his book is
to attack his life as he claims to have lived it, thus blurring the distinction
between, on the one hand, legitimate criticism of either his book or the general
trend of his work on the assassination, and on the other, personal criticism of
him. Even as the sysops have permitted Mr. Lifton to promote both himself and
his book through his appearances on Compuserve, they have effectively stifled
any serious criticism, literary or otherwise, of his work in a forum ironically
entitled "Conspiracy Theories." Instead of frankly admitting to their
fear of being sued by Lifton for permitting such discussion, however, they have
explicitly agreed with his position that to attack his book is to attack him
personally, and have relied upon this tortuous construction of the membership
rules to justify naked censorship.
Mr. Lifton has also circulated his essays privately through
the mail under separate covering letters critical of my actions, personality,
and mental stability. He has also made known his displeasure through phone calls
to a number of well-known critics, including those with whom I have associated
for many years.
The sophistry of the former essay, and both the method and
pervasive inaccuracies of the latter essay persuaded me that, instead of
immediately objecting to his personal attack and demanding its removal and
retraction, I ought to let it stand in public view, at least until I received
the opportunity to reply. Mr. Lifton's own rope is sufficient to hang him.
Regrettably, however, Compuserve authorities made their own decision to permit
Mr. Lifton's personal attack to remain on view, even as they denied me the
opportunity to defend myself and my substantive views with a rejoinder. The
system operators ("sysops" in computerese) have persistently refused
to offer any justification for this favoritism. Privately, several members of
the forum have expressed deep misgivings about the level, intensity and
sincerity of the sysops' commitment to the free exchange of ideas and
information, as well as their sense of responsibility. In challenging the
prevalence of Mr. Lifton's thirteen-year promotional campaign for his book and
his theory, I find myself in an uncomfortably ironic position not too dissimilar
from that of the early critics who confronted the Warren Report.
These two Lifton essays represent the written work of a
celebrity author who is widely recognized as a spokesman of critical scholarship
in the assassination. They contain illustrations of his use of alleged fact; his
precision and accuracy; his employment of quotations as evidence in argument;
his version of the early history of the critical studies movement; his appraisal
of other critics, including Sylvia Meagher and Harold Weisberg; and his version
of certain episodes that occurred during his research and writing of "Best
Evidence." In every sense, they illustrate those aspects of a professional
writer and speaker's craft that, as applied in his book, merit the same critical
evaluation and objective scrutiny of his readers.
In the interests of comprehensiveness and understanding, I
have incorporated both the sense and the substance of my original essay into
this greatly expanded consideration of Mr. Lifton's very public role in the
assassination controversy and the merits of his book. I also reply directly to
his personal denunciation, inasmuch as it is highly relevant to those factors
just mentioned.
Besides our divergent substantive approaches to the Kennedy
assassination, it is the main thesis of this book that Mr. Lifton's Best
Evidence is a literary deceit in multiple dimensions. As Mr. Lifton explains
in the preface to his work, he was unable to obtain a publisher until his agent
persuaded him to rewrite his first attempt at a manuscript as an account of his
personal history in researching the assassination of President Kennedy. The
motif of Best Evidence thereby became Mr. Lifton's reconstructed
ruminations over the medical evidence during a period of fifteen years, ranging
from his earliest exposure to the subject, to an inspiration in late October
1966, through seemingly laborious and detailed investigations, and finally to a
new synthesis purporting to explain how the assassination was accomplished. As
the following chapters reveal, however, where Mr. Lifton tells his readers what
he was thinking at certain points in his odyssey, source materials that were in
his files as he wrote his book, i.e., his formal and informal contemporary
writings, prove beyond doubt that the views he professed then were precisely the
opposite. Furthermore, he garnered the chief evidence that allegedly supports
his assassination theory only while he was in the final stages of writing the
manuscript that Macmillan Publishing Company eventually published.
The first dimension of deceit, therefore, is Mr. Lifton's
fabrication of a legend that appears to lend weight and substance to his
conspiracy theory.
If autobiographical revisionism was merely ornamentation on
the structure of Best Evidence, no matter how lamentable, it might be
forgiven as taking literary license to the extreme in a work promoted as
non-fiction. Unfortunately, the pattern of the author's dissimulation attenuates
to obscure his long-standing predilection for bizarre hypotheses to explain the
assassination, as well as the crude political philosophy that drove him, at
least during his formative years as an assassination researcher, to erect the
type of convoluted rationalizations of the evidence that are the bedrock of his
book. The second dimension of literary deceit, then, is the deliberate
concealment of a past that is prologue to the present and future.
Ostensibly, Best Evidence is the story of one of the
true originals among all the Kennedy assassination conspiracy theorists.
Underlying the edifice of his book, nevertheless, one discovers an unsettling
theme of derision and disparagement regarding the early critics of the Warren
Commission. Mr. Lifton's exposition of this theme turns on both their
substantive philosophies and their personal traits. This substructure of his
book thus comprises ridicule of the species with which he is most closely
identified. Moreover, I shall point to disturbing evidence that Mr. Lifton
usurped theories suggested to him by others, claiming that he considered them,
only to point to their alleged faults. Viewed in isolation, Mr. Lifton's attacks
upon the critics might be interpreted superficially as feathering his own nest.
There is, however, an equally distressing parallel to this theme running
throughout Mr. Lifton's body of work. Specifically, it is his affirmative
exoneration of the Warren Commission, its staff attorneys, and several key
participants in the events surrounding the assassination from any intent to
deceive or conceal, notwithstanding abundant evidence to the contrary, as Mr.
Lifton himself asserted before the promises of literary fame and fortune were
held out to him. Here is the third dimension to the artifice of Best Evidence:
a subtle, though repeated assault against those with whom its author is
supposedly in sympathy, coupled with absolution for their adversaries.
Finally, there is Mr. Lifton's central theory of
body-snatching and the artificial creation or alteration of President Kennedy's
wounds. Through the selective use and misuse of the evidence, and with his
autobiographical interludes serving to distract his readers from the development
of his argument, Mr. Lifton almost succeeds in making the impossible seem
credible. At bottom, however, his theory is not only absurd, but also redolent
of the worst caricatures of Warren Report critics drawn by apologists for the
official fiction.
It is in the obvious self-interest of Mr. Lifton and his
true believers to portray my dissent from his work as a personality clash, and
to characterize my criticisms as ill-motivated. There can be no truly persuasive
response to such ad hominem retorts, as they appeal to emotion rather
than logic, and to prejudice rather than fact. The bone of contention between
Mr. Lifton and this author is not a conflict between personalities, however, but
the struggle over an idea: How should we, as private citizens or public figures,
approach the problem of getting close to the truth about the Kennedy
assassination? I believe that Mr. Lifton's work seriously distracts us from this
effort and is otherwise deficient. My bias is that the role of the critic is to
raise questions for the government to answer, not to pose theories for the
government to refute. For those reasons, I believe that, absent his renunciation
of Best Evidence (which we cannot realistically expect of him), the
critics themselves must thoroughly discredit and renounce Mr. Lifton's work
before the government seizes the opportunity to do so in the guise of responding
to further public demands for disclosure. The cause of learning the truth about
President Kennedy's assassination is bigger than any single individual or his
book. That cause cannot survive a stubborn allegiance to error but may weather
its disavowal.
Moreover, the issues of strategy and tactics are too
important to leave in the hands of those who make the assassination their
lifetime business pursuit and command substantial media attention to their
theories, including those theories that are incapable of proof and hostile to
any form of disproof. The media chooses such people to provide
"bread-and-circuses" to the masses, and their theories, somehow
institutionalized in a constrictive array of shooting targets, become divorced
from pressing substantive issues too long ignored by both the media and
officialdom.
It is not everyone who gets the opportunity to publish a
book and appear on public platforms on this subject, but those who do not can
still make their voices heard by writing letters to the conveners of these
Symposia in Dallas and Chicago, contacting journalists, and speaking with
friends and colleagues. As a general matter, we do not require charismatic
leaders, and we can certainly do without shrewd manipulators. From the earliest
days, the drive to force our government to tell us the truth (or to tell us that
it does not know the truth) has been a grassroots phenomenon, and there it still
finds its greatest strength. That essential quality must not lag.
Roger Bruce Feinman
New York City, New York
June 1993